Climate damage caused by russia’s war in Ukraine: 24 February 2022 – 23 February 2025. Full assessment

With Russia’s war against Ukraine ongoing, emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) have continued to grow. This fifth assessment concludes that the GHG emissions attributable to three years since the full-scale invasion have increased to almost 237 million tCO2 e. With the Social Cost of Carbon of 185 USD / tCO2 e applied, the climate damage caused by this war amounts to over 43 billion USD.